Archive for the ‘Primary Research’ Category
Caregivers’ views about peer pressure
Caregivers in focus group discussions stated plainly that peer pressure interferes with schoolwork, learning and growth. “Children in general are disturbed by [the effects of] engaging in early relationships, drinking alcohol and abusing drugs. I feel that the government has given children more freedom in terms of children’s rights, and as parents we have difficulty when it comes to disciplining our children.” Thus, the government policies against discipline could potentially lead OVCs (and adolescents in general) to engage in risky behaviors, without negative consequences from the caregivers to discourage them. “Alcohol and drug abuse is a huge issue in the sense that when you abuse them at an early age, chances are that you will have poor concentration in class and in other daily activities.” This was agreed upon by the majority of the group. Another participant said, about the influences of peers, “You will find that in a scenario where five orphans are staying together, they will not think differently from each other. When one does something, all of them will follow. For example, if one starts dating when doing standard 7, all will pass through the same stage and no one will think to change and take a different direction.” The caregivers agreed that if one of them starts dating, they will all date, and that this starts as young as 12 or 13 years old. They don’t approve of this: “Their dating is a problem because it is a sign of disrespect towards the caretaker,” and “It also goes to the schoolwork.”
Advice for OVCs, from OVCs
OVCs had a lot of inspired advice to give to their peers – people about their age or younger. This included:
Stand up for yourself
Don’t give up – “They should not take life for granted, as life is hard.” –male, 13 years old
Study, work hard in school
Don’t steal, drink, or do drugs
Be respectful to your elders
“Do not become victims of peer pressure” –male, 14 years old
In addition, a few said: don’t date or have sex at this age (yet), and go to church
If he could change something about his peers: “Their behavior. They are always complaining when they are told to do things like studying.” –male, 15 years old
“Focus on your school work, and think before you act.” –female, 16 years old
“Tell other people, ‘don’t make fun of me right now, just because I do not have parents.’ You have to be growing and preparing yourself for the world out there because it is not like people are with their parents forever. There is going to come a point when we all have to face the world on our own. You need to be able to stand up on your own.” –male, 14 years old
Go to others for help: “When they are abused I tell them to go to their teachers so that they can seek advice and get more help, so that they do not have stress.” –female, 15 years old. Also, “My teacher always advises me not to give up in life, like for example when you are mad with your parents you should not bottle it up because it might lead to suicide ideation; rather, tell your guidance counselors, who are fully equipped to help students in these situations.” –male, 16 years old
“Stick to your books and when you have a tough time, you shouldn’t give up.” –female, 19 years old
“Having a child at an early age doesn’t mean you cannot change your life, you could still do much, as long as you put more effort into what you do; that’s when you can change your life for the better.” –female, 19 years old
“I will say that challenges are the breakfast of a champion, meaning that every time you will face challenges and by so doing you can overcome those challenges and you will leap back and again is not the end of your life; the single minute that you are taking to leap back contributes a lot to your future.” –male, 19 years old
“I would say to them that they should work very hard because nowadays life is not easy, and they have to abstain from doing things that are not good and also abstain from sex. If they don’t abstain from sex, most of them drop off from school, like being teenage mothers.” –male, 17 years old
Something she’s learned: “I have learned that what I want to be when I grow up I should be, and I should not listen to other people who will discourage me. Some people are jealous.” –female, 14 years old
“I will tell them that life nowadays life is difficult so education is the key to success.” –male, 15 years old
“I think young people in general need to be taught about the consequences of drug and alcohol abuse, and peer pressure, and to denounce going out to risky places such as liquor bars to avoid indulging in deviant behaviors.” –female, 18 years old
“I will tell them that, in life there are challenges but you can only overcome those challenges through listening to good advice, especially that of your parents. I would encourage them not to give up too easily in life no matter the circumstances.”-female, 18 years old
“Refrain from abusing drugs and alcohol and minimize roaming the streets at night. When young people are roaming the streets at night, there is a possibility that they can engage in bad behaviors in a group and end up in jail.” -male, 16 years old
Advice for OVCs, from Caregivers
One of the questions I would ask during the interviews and focus groups was, “What advice would you give to orphans and vulnerable children in Botswana?”
Advice from caregivers was highlighted by the following: work harder in school; be more respectful; have more confidence.
“We advise them to take their studies seriously so that they may have a brighter future tomorrow.” Also, “be respectful to everyone in the general society.” –Female, 41 years old
“I would say to them that leadership should begin within them, and with that s/he could be able to lead her/his family in future.” –Female, 46 years old
“The only [thing] that we ask from them is to put more effort in their studies so that they can fend for themselves in the future.” Also, “I cannot deny the fact that teenagers have notorious tendencies and I encourage them to always use protection in case they get tempted. The other advice that I give them is to keep their bodies and [the places] they stay clean at all times.” –Female, 28 years old
“As parents we try to talk to them and tell them that although their mothers have died it is not the end of life.” –Female, 49 years old
Changes that should be made for OVCs
From a focus group discussion with caregivers in Tlokweng village:
“Stricter discipline could help.”
“[Caregivers] working hand in hand with the social workers and biological parents.”
“Change the fact that social workers will just come and leave the children here never to check on them again, SOS [Children’s Village] is more of a dumping site.”
From a focus group discussion with caregivers in Mochudi village:
“I think the government helps them at school with the tuition fees, cloths, food etc, but when a child finishes form 5 or fails form 3 the government then abandons the child.”
“After the child fails form 3, the government no longer assists with anything. I think I am not satisfied with the government social workers, like the way they assist the children.” They say this is true with orphans as well as with destitute children.
Problems for OVCs
Here are some interview responses of OVCs describing challenges in their past or present living situations:
Before coming to SOS Children’s Village: “The environment I was living in was not conducive at all, in most cases I was left with a baby to take care of while the mother disappeared for two weeks or so at a time. During such times I was missing classes, making it difficult to catch up with school work.” –Male, 14 years old
“At home I am not allocated enough time to study. I come late from school after 1700hrs, and sometimes I find the dishes dirty and no one preparing dinner, so it means that before I can do my schoolwork I have to do the dishes, prepare dinner and do other household chores.” –Male, 15 years old
“I wasn’t living well [before]. I was staying with my mother; she drinks alcohol and she would go and spend nights out at the bars. Many times various men would come home at night looking for my mother, and when they didn’t find her they would then abuse me sexually.” –Female, 14 years old
“I remember one time my father sent me out to the shops to buy some items, and it happened that I forgot what I was supposed to buy and bought the wrong items. When I got home my father was angry with me and he told me to pack my bags and leave his house.” He says his father was verbally but not quite physically abusive. –Male, 15 years old
Before SOS, “We were not going to school. There was no one to take care of us. I was always alone; my older siblings were only coming home late at night.” –Male, 15 years old
Two Anecdotes of HIV Infection (beyond their control)
(written on March 12, 2011)
When I was given a tour of the Botswana-Baylor Children’s Clinical Centre of Excellence, I learned that most of the HIV-positive youth in the country acquired HIV through mother-to-child transmission, and a smaller percentage through rape; it was a very small minority of children who contracted HIV through their own chosen behaviors. Yet despite the fact that they had no choice in the matter, they must deal with the consequences. I wanted to share two people’s stories about acquiring their HIV-positive status, the first through mother-to-child transmission and the second through an incident of rape.
I talked to a young man from Mochudi, 17 years old, who told me the following when I asked him about some of the challenges he’d experienced in his life: “When my mother gave birth to me she passed away while I was still young and I don’t even know her face, or my father’s. In 2006 I got a disease and while I tested at the hospital they told me that I was positive for HIV, but because I was still young I didn’t know anything. While I was growing, I realized how I could maintain my health despite the fact that I had HIV, but the thing is I have to take the treatment everyday as the doctor recommended… Now, I am doing so. It took me time, but I have accepted the situation.” He believes he became HIV positive from his mother and also indirectly from his grandmother, who were both HIV positive. When he found out about his positive status he said, “I was ashamed,” but “because there are teen clubs I became involved and it helped me to be open to myself and know that it is not me alone who is suffering from HIV and it is not my fault. Nowadays I am also confident because of Stepping Stones.” Teen club is a support group run by Baylor specifically for HIV-positive youth in Botswana, and Stepping Stones International is an after-school program for OVCs in Mochudi.
Another person from Mochudi, an 18-year-old female, informed me that she was HIV positive as the result of a rape. Expanding upon the story, she told me the following: “I remember clearly that it was around examination time, and on one Sunday I went out with my friends to a liquor bar. At around midnight I sneaked out of the bar with the intention of dodging my friends so that I could go back home because I was supposed to go to school on Monday. I went through a passage and I saw a person following and calling me by my name. I hurried through the passage but he suddenly grabbed me and took a knife out of his pocket. He dragged me and pressed me against a nearby rock and commanded me not to make any noise or else he would kill me. He ripped off my clothes and raped me. I was bleeding all over the body. As if that was not enough, he dragged me and laid me beside the tarred road and left me lying there unconscious… only to find myself in the hospital after regaining consciousness. I was told that I was found by the police on patrol and they brought me to the hospital.” The man was arrested.
This is her description of the aftermath: “[Now] I feel that everything is okay, especially that my mother is treating me well; from the time I was admitted to the hospital my family gave me a lot of support throughout the whole process.
Immediately after the HIV diagnosis I underwent extensive psychosocial counseling at an organization called ‘Bakgatla bolokang matshelo.’ I was told to accept my status and I eventually joined teen club… As a member of teen club, I began to accept my HIV status because I realized that I was not alone and there are other young people my age who have the same problem as mine. My family accepted me and gave me some love.”
These testimonies certainly also speak to the value of support programs for vulnerable youth – despite their very trying circumstances, such programs can make a tremendous difference.
Where are these people now? The first person mentioned above wants to be a policeman “to help society to control crime and also advise my age mates.” He “takes other kids for counseling, and advises them to take the treatment and protect themselves and not mix treatment with alcohol,” and says he doesn’t want his peers or his future children “to suffer like I did.” As for the second, she enthusiastically intends to be a doctor (a general practitioner) working in Botswana and also says, “I personally think I can help change the mindset of young people towards HIV/AIDS through sharing my story and experience. I will also teach them about HIV prevention measures and not forgetting to encourage them to never give up too easily in life no matter the circumstances.” By channeling their hardship in a way that allows them to ameliorate the lives of others as well as provide experience for a more successful future, these young people are extraordinary examples for other youth who are also undergoing substantial adversity.